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Introduction: Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241)
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 14 November 2023
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- 20 March 2023, pp 15-22
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Summary
For sheer drama, very few of the notable set pieces in the long history of the papacy have matched that of February 1240. With the formidable Emperor Frederick II and his army having first entered the valley of Spoleto, then taken the cities of Viterbo and Montefiascone, as well as various castles of the Church, and now threatening the invasion of Rome itself, backed by the increasingly vociferous support of the ever-fickle Romans (‘Let the emperor come. Let him come and receive the City!’), Gregory IX, in extremis, his cause apparently lost, played the final desperate weapon in his depleted armoury:
Behold the relics through whom your city is venerated; I cannot do more than another man!
Taking the crown from his own head he placed it upon the skull of St Peter and then upon the skull of St Paul and called out:
Defend Rome, you saints! If the men of Rome refuse to do so!
Then, taking with him not only the skulls of the saints but the relic of the True Cross, moving in solemn procession to the church of Saint Peter, Gregory there preached to the people:
This is the church and these are the relics of the Romans, which you must protect unto death, and which we commit to God's protection and to yours. Yet I shall not flee but rather I shall await here the mercy of God.
Offering them the general indulgence of the Apostolic See, Gregory thus successfully rallied the Romans to his cause, with many of them taking up the sign of the Cross in defence of the Church, while Frederick, realizing he could achieve nothing more, withdrew to Apulia.
This is Gregory IX – masterful, energetic, courageous, unyielding. This is Gregory IX – confrontational, obsessed, ‘a hate-filled stubborn old man’, as Kantorowicz delicately described him.
Nobody (except the man himself) has ever questioned the zeal of Gregory's faith. Even though ‘the Inquisition’ had a long pre-history, certainly stretching back to Lucius III's Ad abolendam, the formal beginnings of the institution are most associated with Gregory. It was he who issued the bull Excommunicamus of February 1231 and there provided the penalties, including the ultimate punishment, for the various groups defined as heretics – Cathars, Patarenes, the Poor of Lyons and many more (all of them tied together by their tails) – as well as their defenders and supporters.
Preface
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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- 20 March 2023, pp 13-14
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Summary
The pontificate of Gregory IX (1227-1241) is associated with the culmination of the struggle between the papacy and the Empire, and the pope often characterized as intransigent and implacable, determined to bring about the destruction of the Hohenstaufen and the triumph of the Roman Church. Yet everything about Gregory's pontificate and the man is complex. The pope of the Inquisition and the great expansion of the Crusades, Gregory was also a peacemaker, lawgiver, advocate of Christian mission and the friend and supporter of the friars, his courage or obstinacy perhaps driven by doubts about his own worth and the influence of the apocalyptic thought of Joachim of Fiore. The twelve studies in this volume, covering the period from Gregory's promotion as cardinal in 1198 until his death in 1241, seek to unravel some of the mysteries concerning the pope and present a more detailed and intricate picture of his relations with secular powers and the Church. The editor of this volume, the sixth in a series concerning the popes of the High Middle Ages, owes many debts of gratitude: to Dr Christoph Egger, who planned this project and commented on many of the chapters; to the patience of the various scholars involved; to the Leeds Medieval International Congress, where many of the original papers were presented; to Margaret Mary Summers and Judith Nelams, of the History Department of Saint Louis University, who corrected flaws in spelling and style; to the Amsterdam University Press for their forbearance and careful editing.
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7 - Gregory IX and Spain
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 14 November 2023
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- 20 March 2023, pp 215-234
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Abstract
While papal participation in Peninsula affairs was de-emphasized by the influential Iberian chroniclers of the mid-thirteenth century, in reality there was close co-operation between the papacy and the Iberian ecclesiastical and secular rulers to an unprecedented degree in the crusades, with the development of inquisitions, and in resolving the disputes of local churches. Nevertheless, the papacy found it difficult to implement the reforms of the Fourth Lateran Council, despite the support of the friars, and found that Iberian prelates and kings often pursued their own interests, which would place them at odds with the pope on a number of issues.
Keywords: Iberia, Friars, Crusades, Inquisition, Jews
Although the famous battle of Las Navas de Tolosa of 16 July 1212 had thoroughly exposed the military limitations of the Almohads, the Christians were unable to gain much immediate advantage because the two major Christian powers in the Iberian Peninsula, the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, soon encountered major political troubles. After the death of Alfonso VIII (1158–1214), Castile faced the minority of Alfonso's son, Henry (1214–17), who was killed when struck on the head during a children's game, followed by the turbulent early years of Ferdinand III (1217–1252), who was opposed by some of the nobles and by his father, Alfonso IX of Leon (1188–1230). After the death of Peter II, killed in September 1213 when fighting against the army of the Albigensian Crusade, the Crown of Aragon suffered the precarious minority of Peter's five-year-old son James I (1213–1276), who survived an attempt on his life while still in the cradle. Only in the final years of the pontificate of Honorius III (1216–1227) would the two young kings, Ferdinand and James, begin to contemplate major action against the disintegrating Almohad power. Portugal too, after the death of the sickly Afonso II (1211–1224), had been challenged by the minority of Afonso's son, Sancho II (1223–1248). The kingdom of Navarre endured the maladies not of youth but of old age since Sancho VII of Navarre (1194–1234), though he remained an enthusiastic crusader in the years following Las Navas, was becoming too fat in his declining years even to descend the steps from his castle at Tudela.
Contents
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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Abbreviations
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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List of Illustrations
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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Frontmatter
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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Index
- Edited by Damian J. Smith, Saint Louis University, Missouri
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- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
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Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
- Power and Authority
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 14 November 2023
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As Cardinal Hugo and as pope, Gregory was one of the dominant figures in the history of the papacy of the High Middle Ages. Coming to prominence under Pope Innocent III, Hugo played an important political role, particularly as legate on various occasions, as well as being a major promoter of the new religious orders. As pope, his battle with Emperor Frederick II is one of medieval history's most absorbing conflicts. But he also acted as peacemaker, promoter of the Crusades, instigator of mission for the sake of conversion, refomer of the Curia, patron of arts and liturgy, and as a passionate advocate of Church reform. His decretal collection, the 'Liber Extra', was the most influential of the Middle Ages. A full examination of Gregory's pontificate is very long overdue. The current volume brings together a team of international scholars, each of them expert in dealing with a particular aspect of the pontificate, and provides what will be a collection of studies of lasting scholarly value on a central figure of the medieval papacy.
Medieval studies in honour of Peter Linehan. Edited by Francisco J. Hernández, Rocío Sánchez Ameijeiras and Emma Falque. (Millennio Medievale, 115; Strumenti e studi n.s. 44.) Pp. x + 934 incl. frontispiece, 32 colour and black-and-white ills and 18 tables. Firenze: Sismel, 2018. €130. 978 88 8450 858 4
- Damian J. Smith
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- The Journal of Ecclesiastical History / Volume 71 / Issue 2 / April 2020
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- 16 April 2020, pp. 408-410
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- April 2020
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2 - Ramon de Penyafort and His Influence
- Edited by Francisco Garcia-Serrano
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- The Friars and their Influence in Medieval Spain
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 16 February 2021
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- 06 August 2018, pp 45-60
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Summary
Abstract
This chapter explores the long and varied career of Ramon de Penyafort, a thirteenth-century Dominican who had a lasting impact on the development of canon law, the history of the Dominican Order, and the lands of the Crown of Aragon. Various works of his student days at Bologna are examined, as well as the Summa de Casibus and the Liber Extra. His role in revising the constitutions of the Dominicans while master general is described. There is also a discussion of his influence on legislation concerning the reconciliation of heretics, the conversion of Muslims, and the diminution of the status of Jews in Catalonia. It is argued that, through study of Ramon's various works in combination, it is possible to come to an overall understanding of his character.
Keywords: Ramon de Penyafort, Dominicans, medieval Aragon, canon law, religious history
In the last centuries of the Middle Ages and, of course, later, it was well known that because of their arrogance, delight in subtleties, betrayal of confidences, worthless advice, and chronic overcharging, the spiritual well-being of lawyers was necessarily in great danger. Indeed, particularly in Catalonia, it was thought that lawyers’ prospects in the next world were slight and, more generally, special prayers were devised that the faithful might ask God to pardon the sins of lawyers. Nevertheless, certainly one of their number is considered to have escaped the flames, and that is Ramon de Penyafort, who died in 1275 and was canonized in 1601. He would become a patron saint of lawyers and a lastingly influential figure in the history of the Crown of Aragon, the Dominican Order, and of the law itself.
While very influential, Ramon, although he is not unknowable, is surprisingly little known. It is a century since Thomas Schwertner wrote a short biography in English, and over eighty years since Valls Taberner’s admirable study. In the almost one hundred years of his life – just to take the highlights – Ramon was a professor at Bologna, the author of the Summa de Paenitentia, the compiler of the Gregorian decretals, the master general of the Dominican Order, and the servant of the Crown of Aragon in developing legislation concerning heretics, Muslims, and Jews.
8 - A Golden Rose and the Deaf Asp that Stoppeth her Ears: Eugenius III and Spain
- Edited by Andrew Jotischky, Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt
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- Pope Eugenius III (1145–1153)
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 22 December 2020
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- 07 March 2018, pp 219-242
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Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between Eugenius III and the Iberian peninsula. Rather than attempting to cover every aspect of papal involvement, it concentrates on the series of military campaigns conducted by various Hispanic rulers; the issue of the Toledan primacy; the territorial dispute between the churches of Huesca and Roda; and the extension of papal protection for monasteries and episcopal sees. Although it is often assumed that the pope was significantly involved in the successful Christian campaigns at Lisbon, Almería, and Tortosa, this was not the case (although he was influential in lesser campaigns). He could not make much headway on the primacy issue. His main involvement in the peninsula lay in the extension of papal jurisdiction and protection.
Keywords: Almoravids; Santarém; De expugnatione Lyxbonensi; Afonso Henriques; Alfonso VII of León-Castile; Tortosa; Universis Dei fidelibus
Given that, by the mid-twelfth century, appeals were coming to the pope from all over the world, as Bernard of Clairvaux reminded his pupil, it is not possible in a short paper to deal with every aspect of the relationship between the papacy and the Iberian peninsula during Eugenius III's pontificate. I have therefore decided to concentrate on the influence of Eugenius in the military campaigns of the Christians against Muslims; decisions made by the pope concerning the primacy of Toledo; disputes between Roda and Huesca over various churches (which represent the increasing number of boundary disputes coming to the Curia); and the pope's responsibilities for the care of episcopal sees and the protection of ecclesiastical institutions. Eugenius's pontificate saw major developments in the political and ecclesiastical history of the Iberian peninsula and the pope played a significant part in these developments. In all probability, the matter which interests historians most, the Christian–Muslim conflict in Spain, was of less interest to Eugenius, though it was here that he had most obvious success, while in the area to which he gave most attention, the settling of complicated ecclesiastical disputes, his decisions, perhaps unsurprisingly, often failed to put an end to arguments.
Erinnerung – Niederschrift – Nutzung. Das Papsttum und die Schriftlichkeit im mittelalterlichen Westeuropa. Edited by Klaus Herbers and Ingo Fleisch. (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. New Ser., 11. Studien zu Papstgeschichte und Papsturkunden.) Pp. ix+272 incl. 7 colour and 3 black-and-white ills. Berlin–New York: de Gruyter, 2011. €99.95. 978 3 11 025370 2
- Damian J. Smith
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- The Journal of Ecclesiastical History / Volume 64 / Issue 3 / July 2013
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- 06 June 2013, pp. 595-596
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- July 2013
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Networking to Orthodoxy: The Case of Durán of Huesca
- Damian J. Smith
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- Studies in Church History Subsidia / Volume 14 / 2012
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- 17 February 2016, pp. 44-54
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- 2012
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While the Franciscan and Dominican Orders were greatly to influence the spiritual and intellectual life of the later Middle Ages and beyond, the religious community of the contemporary of Saints Francis and Dominic, Durán of Huesca, quickly disappeared from the scene. Yet at the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Roman Curia had spent a great deal of time in dealings with Durán and his followers, the Catholic Poor. The papal chancery spilt a fair amount of ink writing to or about Durán, at a time when the affairs of Francis, Dominic and their followers bothered it very little. For Rome, the Catholic Poor were a very exciting prospect. For they had been Christians who had (from the papal viewpoint) slipped into heresy as followers of Valdes, but had then decided to return to the fold. In an age when western Europe was overwhelmingly Catholic, but the perceived threat of heresy was enormous, Durán and the Catholic Poor were great news for the church. That they managed to re-establish themselves within the church was very much a matter of Durán's successful use of international religious networks. That it was the friars who were ultimately to flourish but not the Catholic Poor was in significant measure due to the former’s ability and the latter’s inability to combine the effective use of international networks with an equally positive approach towards the local networks they needed in order to succeed.
Chapter 8 - Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems
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- By Ralph Sims, Pedro Mercado, Wolfram Krewitt, Gouri Bhuyan, Damian Flynn, Hannele Holttinen, Gilberto Jannuzzi, Smail Khennas, Yongqian Liu, Lars J. Nilsson, Joan Ogden, Kazuhiko Ogimoto, Mark O'Malley, Hugh Outhred, Øystein Ulleberg, Frans van Hulle, Morgan Bazilian, Milou Beerepoot, Trevor Demayo, Eleanor Denny, David Infield, Andrew Keane, Arthur Lee, Michael Milligan, Andrew Mills, Michael Power, Paul Smith, Lennart Söder, Aidan Tuohy, Falko Ueckerdt, Jingjing Zhang, Jim Skea, Kai Strunz
- Edited by Ottmar Edenhofer, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, Youba Sokona, Kristin Seyboth, Susanne Kadner, Timm Zwickel, Patrick Eickemeier, Gerrit Hansen, Steffen Schlömer, Christoph von Stechow, Patrick Matschoss
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- Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
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- 05 December 2011
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- 21 November 2011, pp 609-706
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Summary
Executive Summary
To achieve higher renewable energy (RE) shares than the low levels typically found in present energy supply systems will require additional integration efforts starting now and continuing over the longer term. These include improved understanding of the RE resource characteristics and availability, investments in enabling infrastructure and research, development and demonstrations (RD&D), modifications to institutional and governance frameworks, innovative thinking, attention to social aspects, markets and planning, and capacity building in anticipation of RE growth.
In many countries, sufficient RE resources are available for system integration to meet a major share of energy demands, either by direct input to end-use sectors or indirectly through present and future energy supply systems and energy carriers, whether for large or small communities in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) or non-OECD countries. At the same time, the characteristics of many RE resources that distinguish them from fossil fuels and nuclear systems include their natural unpredictability and variability over time scales ranging from seconds to years. These can constrain the ease of integration and result in additional system costs, particularly when reaching higher RE shares of electricity, heat or gaseous and liquid fuels.
Existing energy infrastructure, markets and other institutional arrangements may need adapting, but there are few, if any, technical limits to the planned system integration of RE technologies across the very broad range of present energy supply systems worldwide, though other barriers (e.g., economic barriers) may exist. Improved overall system efficiency and higher RE shares can be achieved by the increased integration of a portfolio of RE resources and technologies.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Sancho Ramírez and the Roman Rite
- Damian J. Smith
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- Studies in Church History / Volume 32 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2016, pp. 95-105
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- 1996
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The problem could scarcely have been resolved more precisely. ‘Et tunc intravit lex romana in Sanctum Iohannem de la Penia XIo kalendas aprilis, secunda septimana quad-ragessimae, feria IIIa, hora prima et tertia fuit Tholetana, ora sexta fuit romana, anno Domini millesimo LXXIo et inde fuit servata lex romana.’